PART 01
Market & issuers
Stablecoin supply, the issuer landscape, USDC and USDT, reserves, chains and the scale of real-economy payments.
Read Part 01, pages 9–19 (PDF)Annual report
A data-driven analysis of stablecoin supply, payment flows, issuers, cross-border adoption, card settlement, regulation and the infrastructure moving money globally.
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Executive summary
The report tests whether USDC is becoming an important settlement layer for global payments. Its conclusion is strongest in specific areas: card-network settlement, crypto-linked card spend, institutional mint and redeem, and agent micropayments.
The report finds the thesis supported for institutional and network settlement, partly supported for card-funded consumer spending, and not yet supported for mass remittances and emerging-market retail, where USDT dominates.
PART 01
Stablecoin supply, the issuer landscape, USDC and USDT, reserves, chains and the scale of real-economy payments.
Read Part 01, pages 9–19 (PDF)PART 02
23 market profiles, regional adoption and a closer look at the United States, India, Brazil and Asia Pacific.
Read Part 02, pages 20–35 (PDF)PART 03
Card-network settlement, infrastructure, treasury, remittances, agent payments, regulation and the outlook.
Read Part 03, pages 36–49 (PDF)PART 04
Paxos, PYUSD and USDG, issuer economics from SEC filings, audits, liquidity, the yield wall, cross-chain rails, confidential payments and depegs.
Read Part 04, pages 50–63 (PDF)PART 05
The licensing stack, MiCA after transition, PSD2 and PSD3, virtual IBANs, Verification of Payee, safeguarding and Canada.
Read Part 05, pages 64–74 (PDF)PART 06
A verified league table of the digital banks that issue IBANs: Revolut, Wise, N26, bunq, Klarna, PayPal, Stripe and Banking Circle.
Read Part 06, pages 75–83 (PDF)The report distinguishes on-chain transfers, adjusted transfers, institutional settlement and economic payments. These measures have different scopes and should not be added together. Major figures carry source labels and evidence statuses; company claims and estimates are identified in the PDF alongside its methodology and references.
For information only; not investment, legal or tax advice. Company-reported metrics have not been independently audited. FurlPay capabilities in the report are marked “To be confirmed” pending product documentation.